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I then make a point of testifying my recognition with all those who have lute and read again my thesis; I will start with my two rapporteurs: James Rich and Mike Irwin, who have, in spite of the distance and the barrier from the language, by their comments allowed to clear up a certain number of points of physics and reduction, Christophe Balland who guided me in my readings of cosmology, my relecteurs hawaiiens who brought their external glance to me: Jean-Charles Cuillandre and his knowledge of the details of its camera 12k, Christian Veillet and Genevieve Soucail.